I have a couple questions in regards to AD and integration with OnDemand. 

Which solution is recommended and why?

Using AD FS 3.0 or Provisioning App

Is SSO an option if Azure is not being used, or is this the only way SSO will work?

With AD integration, can you use your AD userid to log on or is it just email when logging onto OnDemand?

What options does AD sync with if using AD FS?  I noticed that the Provisioning App only brings over: Name, Email, Phone, Mobile, Site, Dept, and Job titles.  Is the same true for AD FS?